{"id":4920,"date":"2023-07-04T19:19:32","date_gmt":"2023-07-05T00:19:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/read.streamapse.com\/?p=4920"},"modified":"2024-04-12T16:31:36","modified_gmt":"2024-04-12T21:31:36","slug":"the-global-musical-phenomenon-hip-hop-turns-50-a-professor-of-hip-hop-explains-what-the-word-dope-means-to-him","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/?p=4920","title":{"rendered":"The Global Musical Phenomenon &#8216;Hip-Hop&#8217; Turns 50, A Professor Of Hip-Hop Explains What The Word \u2018Dope\u2019 Means To Him"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"legacy\">As the global musical phenomenon turns 50, a <span class=\"nobr\">hip-hop<\/span> professor explains what the word \u2018dope\u2019 means to him.<\/p>\n<p>After I finished my Ph.D. in 2017, several newspaper reporters wrote about the job I\u2019d accepted at the University of Virginia as an assistant professor of hip-hop.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/ticketstream.streamapse.com\/1149\/ll-cool-js-2023-the-f-o-r-c-e-live-tour-promises-to-be-a-major-event-in-the-world-of-rap-and-hip-hop-music\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-4835\" src=\"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/LL_COOL_J_TICKETSTREAM-BANNER.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"975\" height=\"416\" srcset=\"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/LL_COOL_J_TICKETSTREAM-BANNER.jpg 975w, http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/LL_COOL_J_TICKETSTREAM-BANNER-300x128.jpg 300w, http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/LL_COOL_J_TICKETSTREAM-BANNER-768x328.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u201cA.D. Carson just scored, arguably, the dopest job ever,\u201d one <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/2017\/07\/03\/virginia-ad-carson-hip-hop-professor\/435032001\/\">journalist wrote<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The writer may not have meant it the way I read it, but the terminology was significant to me. Hip-hop\u2019s early luminaries transformed the word\u2019s original meanings, using it as a synonym for cool. In the 50 years since, it endures as an expression of respect and praise \u2013 and illegal substances.<\/p>\n<p>In that context, dope has everything to do with my work.<\/p>\n<p>In the year I graduated from college, one of my best friends was sent to federal prison for possession of crack cocaine with intent to distribute. He served nearly a decade and has been back in prison several times since.<\/p>\n<p>But before he went to prison, he helped me finish school by paying off my tuition.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: 0; width: 100%; height: 120px;\" src=\"https:\/\/bandcamp.com\/EmbeddedPlayer\/album=3235103611\/size=large\/bgcol=ffffff\/linkcol=0687f5\/tracklist=false\/artwork=small\/track=1170700975\/transparent=true\/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400\" seamless=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/aydeethegreat.bandcamp.com\/album\/owning-my-masters-the-rhetorics-of-rhymes-revolutions\">Owning My Masters: The Rhetorics of Rhymes &amp; Revolutions by A.D. Carson<\/a><\/iframe><\/p>\n<figure><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">\u201880\u2019s\u2019 is a song from the author\u2019s dissertation album that describes his conception of \u2018dopeness.\u2019<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In a very real way, dope has as much to do with me finishing my studies and becoming a professor as it does with him serving time in a federal prison.<\/p>\n<h2>Academic dope<\/h2>\n<p>For my Ph.D. dissertation in Rhetorics, Communications, and Information Design, I wrote a <a href=\"http:\/\/phd.aydeethegreat.com\">rap album<\/a> titled \u201cOwning My Masters: The Rhetorics of Rhymes &amp; Revolutions.\u201d A peer-reviewed, mastered version of the album is due out this summer from University of Michigan Press.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: 0; width: 100%; height: 120px;\" src=\"https:\/\/bandcamp.com\/EmbeddedPlayer\/album=1863704334\/size=large\/bgcol=ffffff\/linkcol=0687f5\/tracklist=false\/artwork=small\/track=3574551506\/transparent=true\/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400\" seamless=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/aydeethegreat.bandcamp.com\/album\/sleepwalking-vol-1-a-mixtape\">Sleepwalking, Vol. 1: A Mixtape by A.D. Carson<\/a><\/iframe><\/p>\n<figure><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">\u2018The Defense\u2019 describes the composition of the author\u2019s dissertation album and his dissertation defense.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Part of my reasoning for writing it that way involved my ideas about dope. I want to question who gets to determine who and what are dope and whether any university can produce expertise on the people who created hip-hop.<\/p>\n<p>While I was initially met with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/national\/archive\/2016\/04\/clemson-university-arrests\/478455\/\">considerable resistance<\/a> for my work at Clemson, the university eventually became supportive and touted \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/news.clemson.edu\/clemson-doctoral-student-produces-rap-album-for-dissertation-it-goes-viral\/\">a dissertation with a beat<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Clemson is not the only school to recognize hip-hop as dope.<\/p>\n<p>In the 50 years since its start at <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/hip-hop-holiday-signals-a-turning-point-in-education-for-a-music-form-that-began-at-a-back-to-school-party-in-the-bronx-165525\">a back-to-school party<\/a> in the South Bronx, hip-hop, the culture and its art forms have come a long way to a place of relative prominence in educational institutions.<\/p>\n<p>Since 2013, Harvard University has housed the <a href=\"https:\/\/hutchinscenter.fas.harvard.edu\/institutes\/hiphop-archive-research-institute\">Hiphop Archive &amp; Research Institute<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/hutchinscenter.fas.harvard.edu\/faq\/nasir-jones-hiphop-fellowship\">Nasir Jones Hiphop Fellowship<\/a> that funds scholars and artists who demonstrate \u201cexceptional scholarship and creativity in the arts in connection with Hiphop.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>UCLA announced an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/entertainment-arts\/music\/story\/2022-03-28\/ucla-hip-hop-initiative-chuck-d\">ambitious Hip Hop Initiative<\/a> to kick off the golden anniversary. The initiative includes artist residencies, community engagement programs, a book series and a digital archive project.<\/p>\n<p>Perhaps my receiving tenure and promotion at the University of Virginia is part of the school\u2019s attempt to help codify the existence of hip-hop scholarship.<\/p>\n<p>When I write about \u201cdope,\u201d I\u2019m thinking of Black people like drugs to which the U.S. is addicted.<\/p>\n<p>Dope is a frame to help clarify the attempts, throughout American history, at outlawing and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilsos.gov\/departments\/archives\/online_exhibits\/100_documents\/1853-black-law.html\">legalizing<\/a> the presence of Black people and Black culture. As dope, Black people are America\u2019s constant ailment and cure.<\/p>\n<p>To me, dope is an aspiration and a methodology to acknowledge and resist America\u2019s steady surveillance, scrutiny and criminalization of Blackness.<\/p>\n<p>By this definition, dope is not only what we are, it\u2019s also who we want to be and how we demonstrate our being.<\/p>\n<p>Dope is about what we can make with what we are given.<\/p>\n<p>Dope is a product of conditions created by America. It is also a product that helped create America.<\/p>\n<p>Whenever Blackness has been seen as lucrative, businesses like record companies and institutions like colleges and universities have sought to capitalize. To remove the negative stigmas associated with dope, these institutions cast themselves in roles similar to a pharmacy.<\/p>\n<p>Even though I don\u2019t believe academia has the power or authority to bestow hip-hop credibility, a question remains \u2013 does having a Ph.D and producing rap music as <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/hip-hop-professor-looks-to-open-doors-with-worlds-first-peer-reviewed-rap-album-153761\">peer-reviewed publications<\/a> change my dopeness in some way?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/ticketstream.streamapse.com\/1149\/ll-cool-js-2023-the-f-o-r-c-e-live-tour-promises-to-be-a-major-event-in-the-world-of-rap-and-hip-hop-music\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-4835\" src=\"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/LL_COOL_J_TICKETSTREAM-BANNER.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"975\" height=\"416\" srcset=\"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/LL_COOL_J_TICKETSTREAM-BANNER.jpg 975w, http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/LL_COOL_J_TICKETSTREAM-BANNER-300x128.jpg 300w, http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/LL_COOL_J_TICKETSTREAM-BANNER-768x328.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Legalizing dope<\/h2>\n<p>Though I earned a Ph.D by rapping, my own relationship to hip-hop in academic institutions remains fraught.<\/p>\n<p>Part of the problem was noted in 2014 by Michelle Alexander, a legal scholar and author of \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/newjimcrow.com\/\">The New Jim Crow<\/a>,\u201d when she talked about <a href=\"http:\/\/www.drugpolicy.org\/resource\/new-jim-crow-whats-next-talk-michelle-alexander-and-dpas-asha-bandele\">her concerns about<\/a> the legalization of marijuana in different U.S. states.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIn many ways the imagery doesn\u2019t sit right,\u201d she said. \u201cHere are white men poised to run big marijuana businesses \u2026 after 40 years of impoverished black kids getting prison time for selling weed, and their families and futures destroyed. Now, white men are planning to get rich doing precisely the same thing?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>I feel the same way about dopeness in academia. Since hip-hop has emerged as a global phenomenon largely embraced by many of the \u201cacademically trained\u201d music scholars who initially rejected it, how will those scholars and their schools now make way for the people they have historically excluded?<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: 0; width: 100%; height: 120px;\" src=\"https:\/\/bandcamp.com\/EmbeddedPlayer\/album=734046536\/size=large\/bgcol=ffffff\/linkcol=0687f5\/tracklist=false\/artwork=small\/track=2493878894\/transparent=true\/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400\" seamless=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/aydeethegreat.bandcamp.com\/album\/i-used-to-love-to-dream\">i used to love to dream by A.D. Carson<\/a><\/iframe><\/p>\n<figure><figcaption><span class=\"caption\"> In \u2018crack, usa\u2019 the author explores America\u2019s relationship to drugs. <\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>This is why that quote about me \u201cscoring, arguably, the dopest job ever\u201d has stuck with me.<\/p>\n<p>I wonder if it\u2019s fair to call what I do a form of legalized dope.<\/p>\n<h2>America\u2019s dope-dealing history<\/h2>\n<p>In the late 1990s, I saw how fast hip-hop had become inescapable across the U.S., even in the small Midwestern town of Decatur, Illinois, where I grew up with my friend who is now serving federal prison time.<\/p>\n<p>He and I have remained in contact. Among the things we discuss is how unlikely it is that I would be able to do what I do without his doing what he did.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: 0; width: 100%; height: 120px;\" src=\"https:\/\/bandcamp.com\/EmbeddedPlayer\/album=734046536\/size=large\/bgcol=ffffff\/linkcol=0687f5\/tracklist=false\/artwork=small\/track=1805641924\/transparent=true\/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400\" seamless=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/aydeethegreat.bandcamp.com\/album\/i-used-to-love-to-dream\">i used to love to dream by A.D. Carson<\/a><\/iframe><\/p>\n<figure><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">\u2018nword gem\u2019 describes the author\u2019s relationships with friends and family.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Given the economic realities faced by people after leaving prison, we both know there are limitations to his opportunities if we choose to see our successes as shared accomplishments.<\/p>\n<p>Depending on how dope is interpreted, prisons and universities serve as probable destinations for people who make their living with it. It has kept him in prison roughly the same amount of time as it has kept me in graduate school and in my profession.<\/p>\n<p>This present reality has historical significance for how I think of dope, and what it means for people to have their existence authorized or legalized, and America\u2019s relationship to Black people.<\/p>\n<p>Many of the buildings at Clemson were built in the late 1880s using \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/glimpse.clemson.edu\/convict-labor\/\">laborers convicted of mostly petty crimes<\/a>\u201d that the state of South Carolina leased to the university.<\/p>\n<p>Similarly, the University of Virginia was built by <a href=\"https:\/\/dei.virginia.edu\/resources\">renting enslaved laborers<\/a>. The University also is required by state law to purchase office furniture from a state-owned company that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.insidehighered.com\/news\/2020\/02\/14\/public-universities-several-states-are-required-buy-prison-industries\">depends on imprisoned people for labor<\/a>. The people who make the furniture are paid very little to do so.<\/p>\n<p>The people in the federal prison where my friend who helped me pay for college is now housed work for paltry wages making towels and shirts for the U.S. Army.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/ticketstream.streamapse.com\/1149\/ll-cool-js-2023-the-f-o-r-c-e-live-tour-promises-to-be-a-major-event-in-the-world-of-rap-and-hip-hop-music\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-4835\" src=\"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/LL_COOL_J_TICKETSTREAM-BANNER.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"975\" height=\"416\" srcset=\"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/LL_COOL_J_TICKETSTREAM-BANNER.jpg 975w, http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/LL_COOL_J_TICKETSTREAM-BANNER-300x128.jpg 300w, http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/LL_COOL_J_TICKETSTREAM-BANNER-768x328.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Even with all of the time and distance between our pasts and present, our paths are still inextricably intertwined \u2013 along with all those others on or near the seemingly transient line that divides \u201clegal\u201d and \u201cillegal\u201d dope.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/200872\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/a-d-carson-175763\">A.D. Carson<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-virginia-752\">University of Virginia<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/a-d-carson-175763\">A.D. Carson<\/a>, Assistant Professor of Hip-Hop, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-virginia-752\">University of Virginia<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/as-the-global-musical-phenomenon-turns-50-a-hip-hop-professor-explains-what-the-word-dope-means-to-him-200872\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As the global musical phenomenon turns 50, a hip-hop professor explains what the word \u2018dope\u2019 means to him. After I finished my Ph.D. in 2017, several newspaper reporters wrote about the job I\u2019d accepted at the University of Virginia as an assistant professor of hip-hop. \u201cA.D. Carson just scored, arguably, the dopest job ever,\u201d one [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4921,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,921],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4920","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","category-streamapse-highlights"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4920","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4920"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4920\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5428,"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4920\/revisions\/5428"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/4921"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4920"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4920"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4920"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}