{"id":4419,"date":"2022-06-15T15:14:50","date_gmt":"2022-06-15T20:14:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/read.streamapse.com\/?p=4419"},"modified":"2024-11-29T17:15:56","modified_gmt":"2024-11-29T22:15:56","slug":"blame-a-rapper-and-hip-hop-music-when-all-else-fails-to-explain-american-violence","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/?p=4419","title":{"rendered":"Blame A Rapper And Hip-Hop Music, When All Else Fails To Explain American Violence"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The day after the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.texastribune.org\/2022\/05\/25\/uvalde-school-shooting-victims\/\">May 24, 2022, mass shooting<\/a> at an elementary school in Uvalde, Texas, U.S. Rep. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/member\/district\/ronny-jackson\/J000304\">Ronny Jackson<\/a> promptly blamed the violence on rap music and video games.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cKids are exposed to all kinds of horrible stuff nowadays,\u201d the Texas Republican <a href=\"https:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/media\/texas-school-shooting-god-family-ronny-jackson\">told Fox News on May 25, 2022<\/a>. \u201cI think about the horrible stuff that they hear when they listen to rap music, the video games that they watch \u2026 with all of this horrible violence.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>For Jackson and other critics, rap seems to explain criminal behavior and signal moral decline. In the eyes of <a href=\"https:\/\/fultoncountyga.gov\/districtattorney\">Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis<\/a>, rap might be something else as well \u2013 evidence.<\/p>\n<p>Atlanta rappers <a href=\"https:\/\/news.yahoo.com\/young-thug-focused-faith-mental-192746912.html\">Young Thug<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ajc.com\/news\/crime\/rapper-gunna-now-in-fulton-jail-on-racketeering-charge\/SW5HGGXXIJFNLAYD2A5EZEH324\/\">Gunna<\/a> were among 28 defendants <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/arts-entertainment\/2022\/05\/13\/young-thung-gunna-rap-lyrics-court\/\">charged under Georgia\u2019s Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act<\/a> in May 2022 with conspiracy and street gang activity.<\/p>\n<p>They are now in jail in Atlanta awaiting trial.<\/p>\n<p>In the indictment, prosecutors cite lyrics from Young Thug\u2019s songs as \u201covert acts in furtherance of the conspiracy.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Several tracks are quoted, including \u201cSlatty,\u201d on which <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=slatty+lyrics&amp;oq=%22Slatty%2C%22&amp;aqs=chrome.1.69i57j0i512l2j46i512l2j0i512j46i10i512j0i512j46i10i512j0i10i512.3369j0j7&amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8\">Young Thug raps<\/a>: \u201cI killed his man in front of his mama \/<br \/>\nLike f\u2013k lil bruh, his sister, and cousin.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Free speech has its limits.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe First Amendment,\u201d Willis explained, \u201cdoes not protect people from prosecutors using [lyrics] as evidence if it is such.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2>Scapegoating rap<\/h2>\n<p>Rap has long been used to conspicuously stereotype, caricature and reinforce mythologies about Black people. As <a href=\"https:\/\/music.virginia.edu\/people\/profile\/acarson\">a rapper and scholar<\/a>, I wrote about this scapegoating in a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fulcrum.org\/concern\/file_sets\/pv63g236n\">chapbook<\/a>, \u201cRap &amp; Storytellingly Invention,\u201d published with the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/hip-hop-professor-looks-to-open-doors-with-worlds-first-peer-reviewed-rap-album-153761\">peer-reviewed album<\/a> I released in 2020.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: 0; width: 410px; height: 406px;\" src=\"https:\/\/bandcamp.com\/EmbeddedPlayer\/album=734046536\/size=large\/bgcol=333333\/linkcol=0f91ff\/artwork=small\/transparent=true\/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400\" seamless=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/aydeethegreat.bandcamp.com\/album\/i-used-to-love-to-dream\">i used to love to dream by A.D. Carson<\/a><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Since the rise of hip-hop in the early 1980s, critics of rap sought to tie the music to violent crime.<\/p>\n<p>One of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rollingstone.com.\/music\/music-news\/run-d-m-c-is-beating-the-rap-106981\/\">the first targets<\/a> was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rundmc.com\/\">Run-DMC<\/a>, the rappers from Queens, New York, given credit for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oprahdaily.com\/entertainment\/a30644382\/run-dmc-facts\/\">bringing hip-hip to mainstream<\/a> music and culture.<\/p>\n<p>During the group\u2019s 1986 \u201cRaising Hell\u201d tour, police and journalists <a href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1986-08-19-me-16897-story.html\">blamed its music for violence<\/a> that occurred in towns it visited. At its show in Long Beach, California, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1986\/08\/19\/us\/42-are-hurt-as-gang-fighting-breaks-up-california-concert.html\">gang violence in the crowd<\/a> also was blamed on rap.<\/p>\n<p>In the 1990s, politician and civil rights activist <a href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/local\/la-fi-tupacdelores20march2096-story.html\">C. Delores Tucker<\/a> became one of the most outspoken anti-rap voices, focusing her ire on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rockhall.com\/inductees\/tupac-shakur\">Tupac Shakur<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/historyofthehiphop.wordpress.com\/music-genres\/gangsta-rap\/\">\u201cgangsta rap\u201d<\/a> subgenre.<\/p>\n<p>The finger-pointing against rap \u2013 or some version of it \u2013 continues to this day.<\/p>\n<p>The latest target is <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/chief-keef-changed-the-music-industry-and-its-time-he-gets-the-credit-he-deserves-170172\">drill rap<\/a>, a hip-hop subgenre that originated in Chicago and has since spread across the world.<\/p>\n<p>New York City Mayor Eric Adams <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rollingstone.com\/music\/music-news\/mayor-eric-adams-drill-rap-1299108\/\">condemned drill rap<\/a> on Feb. 11, 2022, after the murders of two Brooklyn rap artists, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/newyork\/news\/jayquan-mckenley-funeral\/\">Jayquan McKenley <\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/US\/rising-brooklyn-rapper-tdott-woo-fatally-shot-gun\/story?id=82647146\">Tahjay Dobson<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Adams said the violence portrayed in drill rap music videos was \u201calarming\u201d and that he would sit down with social media companies to try to remove the content by telling them they \u201chave a civic and corporate responsibility.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe pulled Trump off Twitter for what he was spewing,\u201d Adams said, \u201cyet we are allowing music, displaying of guns, violence. We\u2019re allowing it to stay on these sites.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Similar tactics have been employed in the past to shut down drill music.<\/p>\n<p>London drill rappers have been targeted since 2015 by the Metropolitan Police\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/bvnp8v\/met-police-youtube-drill-music-removal\">Operation Domain<\/a>, a joint effort with YouTube to monitor for \u201cvideos that incite violence.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s as if politicians and police don\u2019t understand that the music emerging from these places is a reflection of crisis, not the source of it.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/ticketstream.streamapse.com\/live-concerts\/buy-rolling-loud-festival-festival-tickets\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-4309\" src=\"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Rolling_Loud_Fest.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"658\" srcset=\"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Rolling_Loud_Fest.jpg 700w, http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Rolling_Loud_Fest-300x282.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Tragic myths and realities<\/h2>\n<p>Despite the immense popularity of hip-hop, the culture and the music continue to be portrayed as a cultural wasteland in both subtle and explicit ways.<\/p>\n<p>Worse, in my view, these harmful assumptions affect the ways ordinary people who experience tragedies are described.<\/p>\n<p>The word \u201crapper\u201d is used to conjure negative imagery. It leaves hollow expectations in its place, to be filled with the specter of death and the spectacle of violence. The person described by it becomes a <a href=\"https:\/\/scalawagmagazine.org\/2018\/11\/boogeymen\/\">boogeyman<\/a> in the public imagination.<\/p>\n<p>In the most unjust of circumstances, \u201crapper\u201d has become a social shorthand for presumptions of guilt, expectations of violence and sometimes worthiness of death.<\/p>\n<p>Such was the case with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2019\/jun\/12\/willie-mccoy-shooting-vallejo-police-55-shots\">Willie McCoy<\/a>. In 2019, the 20-year-old was killed by six policemen while he slept in his car at a Vallejo, California, Taco Bell. The officers claimed they saw a gun and tried to wake him. When McCoy moved, the officers fired 55 shots in 3.5 seconds.<\/p>\n<p>While rap music appears to have had nothing to do with the tragic events of his death, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mercurynews.com\/2022\/02\/17\/vallejo-police-officer-colin-eaton-disciplined-for-excessive-force-in-2020-according-to-investigation\/\">descriptions of McCoy<\/a> as a rapper were reported more prominently and consistently than the 55 shots police fired at him while he slept.<\/p>\n<p>Even playing rap music might result in death. In 2012, a 17-year-old named <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jacksonville.com\/story\/news\/crime\/2016\/11\/17\/michael-dunn-convicted-killing-17-year-old-after-telling-teen-turn-down-rap-music\/15732203007\/\">Jordan Davis<\/a> was shot and killed by a man who complained about the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.firstcoastnews.com\/article\/news\/local\/monday-night-marks-8-years-since-murder-of-jordan-davis-over-loud-music-at-jacksonville-gas-station\/77-2297d230-84cb-4cdf-bacd-00b583df6648\">\u201cloud\u201d music Davis was playing<\/a> in his car at a Florida gas station.<\/p>\n<p>During the proceedings dubbed \u201cthe loud music trial,\u201d Michael Dunn testified that <a href=\"http:\/\/www.redwedgemagazine.com\/atonal-notes\/on-white-thugs-like-michael-dunn-and-the-scapegoating-of-hip-hop\">the music Davis and his friends were playing<\/a> in Davis\u2019 car was \u201cthug music\u201d or \u201crap crap.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Dunn\u2019s defense depended on his victims\u2019 being viewed as thugs by association with rap.<\/p>\n<p>In jail, Dunn was <a href=\"https:\/\/participant.com\/film\/3-12-minutes-ten-bullets\">recorded<\/a> on the phone speculating whether Davis and his friends were \u201cgangster rappers.\u201d He claimed he\u2019d seen YouTube videos.<\/p>\n<p>In describing these tragedies, the words \u201crappers\u201d and \u201crap music\u201d are code for \u201cBlack\u201d and \u201cother,\u201d meant to elicit fear and justify violence. There\u2019s no question in my mind that they would have been perceived differently if the words \u201cpoets\u201d or \u201cpoetry\u201d were used instead.<\/p>\n<h2>Made in America<\/h2>\n<p>Indeed, violence perpetuated by people who rap is as real any other American violence.<\/p>\n<p>Young Thug, Gunna, or any other rapper accused of crimes are not exempt from accountability. But, in my view, assuming people are criminals simply because they rap \u2013 even if they rap about violence \u2013 is wrong.<\/p>\n<p>Admittedly, throughout hip-hop history, rappers have constructed personas as antiheroes. Performances of masculinity, violence, intimidation, gun ownership and misogyny are meant to signal a kind of authenticity.<\/p>\n<p>In her 1994 book \u201cOutlaw Culture,\u201d bell hooks included a <a href=\"http:\/\/challengingmalesupremacy.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Misogyny-gangsta-rap-and-The-Piano-bell-hooks.pdf\">chapter on \u201cgangsta rap.\u201d<\/a> Hooks explained that the abhorrent behaviors scrutinized and highlighted in rappers are American values that people living and surviving here adopt.<\/p>\n<p>In his <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rollingstone.com.\/music\/music-news\/run-d-m-c-is-beating-the-rap-106981\/\">December 1986 story on Run-DMC<\/a>, Rolling Stone writer Ed Kiersh said out loud what many were thinking.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cTo much of white America,\u201d Kiersh wrote, \u201crap means mayhem and bloodletting.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Perhaps.<\/p>\n<p>But those who still seek to vilify rap might do well to focus on the sources of the crisis of violence in America rather than blaming the music that reflects it.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/184373\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/a-d-carson-175763\">A.D. Carson<\/a>, Assistant Professor of Hip-Hop, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-virginia-752\">University of Virginia<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/when-all-else-fails-to-explain-american-violence-blame-a-rapper-and-hip-hop-music-184373\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The day after the May 24, 2022, mass shooting at an elementary school in Uvalde, Texas, U.S. Rep. Ronny Jackson promptly blamed the violence on rap music and video games. \u201cKids are exposed to all kinds of horrible stuff nowadays,\u201d the Texas Republican told Fox News on May 25, 2022. \u201cI think about the horrible [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4420,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[283,77,840,841,3,307,842],"class_list":["post-4419","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","tag-american","tag-blame","tag-explain","tag-fails","tag-music","tag-rapper","tag-violence"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4419","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4419"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4419\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5415,"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4419\/revisions\/5415"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/4420"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4419"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4419"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4419"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}