{"id":4282,"date":"2022-03-31T18:33:54","date_gmt":"2022-03-31T23:33:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/read.streamapse.com\/?p=4282"},"modified":"2022-03-31T18:33:54","modified_gmt":"2022-03-31T23:33:54","slug":"a-linguist-breaks-down-why-white-people-should-never-rap-the-n-word","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/?p=4282","title":{"rendered":"A linguist Breaks Down Why White People Should Never Rap The N-Word"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>At one of his recent shows, the Pulitzer Prize winning rapper and emcee Kendrick Lamar <a href=\"http:\/\/mobile.abc.net.au\/news\/2018-05-23\/rapper-kendrick-lamar-asks-white-fan-not-to-sing-n-word\/9789938?pfmredir=sm\">asked a white fan to stop rapping the n-word<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The crowd in Gulf Shores, Ala., started booing as the fan used the racial slur. The rapper had invited the fan identified as \u201cDelaney\u201d on stage to sing \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=10yrPDf92hY\">M.A.A.D. City<\/a>\u201d during his set.<\/p>\n<p>But he stopped the music and told her, \u201cYou gotta bleep one single word.\u201d Delaney appeared not to realize why Lamar had stopped her from singing. She asked: \u201cAm I not cool enough for you, bro?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>She apologized, saying: \u201cI\u2019m so sorry \u2026I\u2019m used to singing it like you wrote it.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>A video recording of the incident in Alabama has <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/newsbeat-44209141\">reignited<\/a> a controversy that gained wide attention last year.<\/p>\n<p>Last fall social media <a href=\"http:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-4906642\/Sorority-fire-video-showing-group-singing-n-word.html\">erupted<\/a> after a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/AllEyesOnUNH\/videos\/483458682033428\/\">video of white sorority girls<\/a> singing along to <a href=\"https:\/\/soundcloud.com\/kanyewest\/gold-digger-album-version\">Kanye West\u2019s mega hit<\/a> <em>Gold Digger<\/em> went viral. The lyrics include the word <em>n-gga<\/em>. The students <a href=\"http:\/\/www.unh.edu\/mub\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/pdf\/letter_of_apology_alpha_phi_fraternity_.pdf\">promptly apologized<\/a> and were <a href=\"http:\/\/nh1.com\/news\/new-hampshire\/unh-sorority-apologizes-for-singing-the-n-word\">absolved of racism by their university<\/a> and by commentators and journalists \u2014 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-4907740\/PIERS-MORGAN-mad-Kanye-not-girls-singing-n-as.html\">most notably Piers Morgan<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Morgan, writing in the <em>Daily Mail<\/em>, insisted that white listeners of rap music cannot be reproached for using the n-word. Rather, he said, they are targeted and exploited by Kanye and other Black celebrities, who send <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/alexberesfordTV\/status\/911245595687505920\">mixed messages<\/a> about whether the n-word is offensive. Morgan wrote: \u201cThe only way to stop its use is for everyone to stop using it, including Black people.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Though Morgan\u2019s take on the n-word was <a href=\"http:\/\/www.complex.com\/music\/2017\/09\/piers-morgan-draws-outrage-after-column-on-kanye-west-the-n-word\">widely derided<\/a>, it went viral, and a few commentators endorsed it <a href=\"http:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/voices\/piers-morgan-n-word-kanye-west-racism-rap-music-white-sorority-girls-alpha-phi-university-new-a7961461.html\">in whole<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.maxim.com\/news\/sorority-girls-sing-gold-digger-2017-9\">in part<\/a>. As a white fan of rap music and as a linguist who <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/darin_flynn\/status\/525772285592862720\">writes<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucalgary.ca\/utoday\/issue\/2014-09-22\/rap-linguistics-course-cool-challenging\">teaches<\/a> about hip-hop language, I feel compelled to add my voice to others who have countered his poorly informed arguments.<\/p>\n<figure><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/6vwNcNOTVzY?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\"><em>Gold Digger<\/em> by Kanye West features Jamie Foxx sampling Ray Charles (edited version) (C) 2005 Roc-A-Fella Records<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Hip-hop as counterculture<\/h2>\n<p>Though hip-hop is now <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/SB111521814339424546\">consumed by mainstream pop audiences<\/a>, it is traditionally made for, and by, working-class Black youth whose \u201cin-group\u201d acceptance depends in large part on their fluent use of Black vernacular English. \u201cThere is no question that Black talk provides hip-hop\u2019s linguistic underpinnings,\u201d write linguist John Rickford and his son, journalist Russell Rickford, in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.barnesandnoble.com\/w\/spoken-soul-john-russell-rickford\/1122979343\"><em>Spoken Soul: The Story of Black English<\/em><\/a>. They go on to explain:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>Nothing thumbs its nose at conformity like the unrestrained African American vernacular. Although white suburban youngsters eat up hip-hop\u2019s edgy tales of money, sexual adventure, ghetto life, and racial injustice (and keep ghetto rhymes atop the pop charts), Black urban youngsters are the genre\u2019s target audience.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Now the n-word looms large in the vernacular of many Black youth. In a <a href=\"http:\/\/americanspeech.dukejournals.org\/content\/90\/4\/403.abstract\">new linguistic study<\/a> of \u201cBlack Twitter,\u201d the n-word stands out as the most frequent distinctively Black form, being used 6.6 million times by Black American Twitter users in a single month. The study notes that the n-word has various uses but defines it simply as \u201cguy.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Black emcees, too, generally use the n-word as \u201cguy,\u201d with diverse connotations, none of them truly offensive. In <a href=\"https:\/\/itunes.apple.com\/us\/movie\/something-from-nothing-the-art-of-rap\/id854553741\"><em>Something From Nothing: The Art of Rap<\/em><\/a>, Grandmaster Caz, a hip-hop elder, explores the word in a 300-word <a href=\"https:\/\/genius.com\/Grandmaster-caz-im-that-freestyle-lyrics\">freestyle<\/a> that includes 46 instances of the term. Caz shows that it has dozens of meanings, ranging from peaceful to aggressive, from camaraderie to competition, and from boasting to \u201cdissing.\u201d<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>I\u2019m that top n-gga, \u2026 I won\u2019t stop, n-gga \u2026 I\u2019m that sweet n-gga, that never off-beat n-gga \u2026 I\u2019m that cool n-gga, ran my whole high school n-gga \u2026 I\u2019m that proud n-gga, that stand out in the crowd n-gga \u2026 I\u2019m that smart n-gga, always first to start n-gga. I think with my head, but I feel with my heart, n-gga!<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>A Black man from the Bronx, Caz\u2019s use of the n-word in these lines is in direct opposition to \u201cout-group\u201d racist uses of the term. According to a philosopher of language, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0271530913000232\">Adam Croom<\/a>, the racial slur describes \u201ca constellation of prototypical attributes,\u201d the most derogatory being \u201csubservient,\u201d \u201cprone to laziness,\u201d \u201cprone to violence,\u201d \u201csimple-minded,\u201d and \u201cemotionally shallow.\u201d Croom explains that slurs are used in non-derogatory ways within countercultures such as hip-hop, to oppose and to subvert entrenched sociocultural norms.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/ticketstream.streamapse.com\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-4182\" src=\"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/The-Full-Circle-Tour-\u2013-Babyface-And-Kem-Banner.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1894\" height=\"712\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Surviving racism and the evolution of language<\/h2>\n<p>Black youth appear to strengthen their solidarity and identity by using the n-word as an in-group term. Linguist <a href=\"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/0075424211414807\">Jacquelyn Rahman<\/a> argues the term may help Black males identify as \u201cresourceful, pragmatic survivors\u201d of racial injustice. \u201cDuring the period of slavery, n-gga became a term that Africans used to refer to themselves and companions in the struggle to survive,\u201d explains Rahman. \u201cUsing the term highlighted the identity of a speaker as participating in the culture of survival.\u201d This is apparent <a href=\"https:\/\/genius.com\/1904458\">when Jay-Z tells himself<\/a> in <em>Holy Grail<\/em>, \u201cyou still alive, still that n-gga. N-gga, you survived, you still gettin\u2019 bigger.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The survivor meaning of the n-word has a long history. But African Americans have also developed <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.linguisticsociety.org\/proceedings\/index.php\/ExtendedAbs\/article\/view\/2994\/2740\">new meanings and uses<\/a> of the word in the last few decades. For instance, its use has expanded from noun to noun modifier. An iconic example is New Orleans\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ys3RPPGXbd8\">MC T. Tucker<\/a> who described himself as \u201cthe n-gga, the n-gga n-gga, \u2026 the n-gga n-gga n-gga you love to hate.\u201d The n-word has also grown from an expression of solidarity among survivors to a term of endearment (as in, <a href=\"http:\/\/time.com\/3930797\/obama-maron-interview\/\">\u201cthat\u2019s my n-gga\u201d<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>The n-word has even evolved into a <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.linguisticsociety.org\/proceedings\/index.php\/ExtendedAbs\/article\/view\/2994\/2740\">meaning-neutral pronoun<\/a> in the first or third person, similar to \u201cI\/me,\u201d \u201cwe\/us,\u201d \u201che\/him,\u201d and \u201cthey\/them.\u201d So for instance, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/kaanlifemusic\/\">KAAN<\/a> simply refers to himself when he <a href=\"https:\/\/soundcloud.com\/kaanlifemusic\/time-pro-genshin#t=1:30\">raps<\/a>, \u201cI\u2019m still rolling by myself, a n-gga [I] never had a crew \u2026 you lookin for a n-gga [me], you know where to find me \u2026 Lawd knows that a n-gga [I\u2019m] feelin hopeless.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Altogether, then, the use of the n-word in hip-hop is about identity and survival. When a Black emcee says the n-word, it is intended without derogation. So can white hip-hop heads \u2014 like me \u2014 and other non-Black people rap along without being offensive?<\/p>\n<h2>It is never OK: Eminem<\/h2>\n<p>In my rap linguistics course a few years ago, a student of South Asian heritage made a memorable class presentation titled, \u201cThe meaning of <em>n-gga<\/em>.\u201d He\u2019d asked a Black childhood friend to join him in class that day, to stand beside him, and to say each instance of the n-word in his stead. My student said that though he is a person of colour and an emcee immersed in hip-hop culture, from a \u201chood area\u201d in Northeast Calgary, he makes a point of never saying this word, even with Black friends who encourage him to use it. One of his idols, white rapper Eminem, never does either.<\/p>\n<p>Indeed, Eminem and the Black culture of hip-hop famously adopted each other. Much of Eminem\u2019s accent, grammar and vocabulary are drawn from Black vernacular English, but he avoids saying the n-word. (<a href=\"https:\/\/genius.com\/814896\">He admitted he said it on occasion in his teens<\/a> but he has been mostly excused for this &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/genius.com\/452714\">as Nas wrote<\/a>, he\u2019s \u201cnot mad \u2019cause Eminem said n-gga, \u2019cause he my n-gga.\u201d) In <a href=\"https:\/\/genius.com\/Eminem-till-i-collapse-lyrics\"><em>\u2019Till I Collapse<\/em>,<\/a> Eminem even avoids a euphemism for the n-word \u2014 by substituting \u201cwizzle\u201d for \u201cnizzle\u201d in Snoop Dogg\u2019s well-known expression \u201cfo\u2019 shizzle, my nizzle.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>This song (like many others by Eminem, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/genius.com\/Eminem-not-afraid-lyrics\"><em>Not Afraid<\/em><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/genius.com\/Eminem-survival-lyrics\"><em>Survival<\/em><\/a>) is about being a \u201csurvivor.\u201d Because the n-word is deeply rooted in African-American history, Eminem cannot use it to mean \u201csurvivor,\u201d no matter how integrated he is in the Black culture that is hip-hop. More generally, because Eminem is white, he cannot subvert the n-word as non-derogatory, as Black hip-hoppers can with each other. Only the in-group members that the slur was originally intended to target can perform this <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0271530913000232\">\u201cnormative reversal.\u201d<\/a><\/p>\n<p>So for Eminem, the n-word must remain the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.billboard.com\/articles\/news\/68082\/the-source-accuses-eminem-of-racism\">racist slur<\/a> that <a href=\"https:\/\/genius.com\/Eminem-white-america-lyrics\">white America<\/a> has <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/books\/2015\/dec\/14\/school-stops-teaching-huckleberry-finn-community-costs-n-word\">always used<\/a> and sadly, some <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theshadowleague.com\/story\/no-good-n-gger-rant-at-mike-tomlin-shows-importance-of-taking-a-knee\">continue<\/a> to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usafa.edu\/superintendent-addresses-racial-slurs-usafa\/\">use<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The bottom line is this: if a <a href=\"https:\/\/genius.com\/Bad-meets-evil-renegade-lyrics\">renegade<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/genius.com\/Eminem-rap-god-lyrics\">rap god<\/a>, who is one of the most unrestrained artists in hip-hop, won\u2019t rap the n-word, then what might possess mere white listeners of rap music to do so?<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/84673\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/darin-flynn-404201\">Darin Flynn<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-calgary-1318\">University of Calgary<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/darin-flynn-404201\">Darin Flynn<\/a>, Associate Professor of Linguistics, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-calgary-1318\">University of Calgary<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/white-people-should-never-rap-the-n-word-a-linguist-breaks-it-down-84673\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>At one of his recent shows, the Pulitzer Prize winning rapper and emcee Kendrick Lamar asked a white fan to stop rapping the n-word. The crowd in Gulf Shores, Ala., started booing as the fan used the racial slur. The rapper had invited the fan identified as \u201cDelaney\u201d on stage to sing \u201cM.A.A.D. City\u201d during [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4187,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[36,30,159],"tags":[789,790,343,206,730,791],"class_list":["post-4282","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-artists-lounge","category-streamapse-reports","category-videos","tag-breaks","tag-linguist","tag-never","tag-people","tag-should","tag-white"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4282","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4282"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4282\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/4187"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4282"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4282"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4282"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}