{"id":2884,"date":"2020-08-31T14:22:16","date_gmt":"2020-08-31T19:22:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/read.streamapse.com\/?p=2884"},"modified":"2020-08-31T14:22:16","modified_gmt":"2020-08-31T19:22:16","slug":"chadwick-bosemans-passing-and-the-power-and-limits-of-afrofuturism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/?p=2884","title":{"rendered":"Chadwick Boseman\u2019s passing and the power and limits of Afrofuturism"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>If you\u2019re not a comics fan, you may have been surprised at the <a href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2020\/08\/29\/us\/most-liked-tweet-of-all-time-chadwick-boseman-trnd\/index.html?fbclid=IwAR1gOLYtIbL-5KIldoR779qme0B0_SVX39v8IsQp6HT8GHsVMYFxsQmevz8\">extent<\/a> of the <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/amjoyshow\/status\/1299715220445843457?s=20.\">heartfelt<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/2020\/08\/29\/chadwick-boseman-helped-us-understand-our-history-his-death-shatters-our-hearts\/\">grief<\/a> expressed following the death of actor Chadwick Boseman.<\/p>\n<p>One explanation lies in the extraordinary power of the 2018 movie <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt1825683\/?ref_=ttmi_tt\">Black Panther<\/a>, in which Boseman starred as T\u2019Challa\/Black Panther, to address racist stereotypes about Africa and Africans.<\/p>\n<figure>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_2887\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2887\" style=\"width: 602px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-2887\" src=\"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/509px-Chadwick_Boseman_Deauville_2014-212x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"602\" height=\"852\" srcset=\"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/509px-Chadwick_Boseman_Deauville_2014-212x300.jpg 212w, http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/509px-Chadwick_Boseman_Deauville_2014.jpg 509w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2887\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">By Georges Biard, CC BY-SA 3.0, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=35409272<br \/>https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/<\/figcaption><\/figure><figcaption><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Boseman\u2019s character was heir to the hidden kingdom of Wakanda, a mythical African nation free of European colonisation. The film\u2019s subtext explores African Americans\u2019 varying identifications, past and present, with Africa and a global Black diaspora.<\/p>\n<h2>Dark continent<\/h2>\n<p>Westerners\u2019 ideas about Africa are steeped in myth. The United States, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/reference\/archive\/hegel\/works\/hi\/introduction-lectures.htm#q\">wrote German philosopher Georg Hegel in 1830<\/a>, was \u201cthe land of the future\u201d. Africa, by contrast, was \u201cthe land of childhood\u201d where history was meaningless. European powers dubbed it the \u201cDark Continent\u201d, as if its people could never make progress.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pages.vassar.edu\/realarchaeology\/2017\/03\/05\/phrenology-and-scientific-racism-in-the-19th-century\/\">Fields of science emerged to classify human beings<\/a>, relying on simplistic notions of evolution and psychology. They all agreed \u201cblack\u201d people inhabited the ladder\u2019s bottom rung.<\/p>\n<figure><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/4VSx2E7WE50?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">\u2018We must find a way to look after one another \u2026 as if we were one single tribe.\u2019<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>From explorer <a href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/history\/henry-morton-stanleys-unbreakable-will-99405\/\">Henry Morton Stanley<\/a>\u2019s tales of impenetrable jungles to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.historybyday.com\/pop-culture\/the-men-behind-tarzan-the-real-life-jungle-man-and-the-troubled-author-who-brought-him-to-life\/\">Tarzan<\/a> novels and early \u201ctalkie\u201d films, entertainment portrayed Africa as irredeemably backward.<\/p>\n<p>These (pseudo) scientific and cultural stereotypes underpinned colonisation. They served Western extraction of Africa\u2019s natural resources, enslavement of Africans and of their descendants all over the Americas.<\/p>\n<h2>Breaking chains and forging links<\/h2>\n<p>Such ideas meant that when Black Americans broke slavery\u2019s chains, starting in the 1820s in northern US states and ending in 1865, it was not straightforward to claim African allegiance. The Atlantic and internal slave trades had devastated ties between families and communities on either side of the Atlantic Ocean.<\/p>\n<p>Black Americans had, instead, forged ties between themselves in the United States. This meant few people (roughly 12,000) were keen to migrate to Liberia, established by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.blackpast.org\/african-american-history\/american-colonization-society-1816-1964\/\">American Colonization Society<\/a> in 1816.<em><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>By the 1920s, with memories of enslavement the preserve of older people, Black Americans began once again to forge links to Africa. Marcus Garvey\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/americanexperience\/films\/garvey\/\">Universal Negro Improvement Association<\/a> suggested a global black United States of Africa. When Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935, African Americans were incensed.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-right zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/355473\/original\/file-20200831-16-f8nr4w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/355473\/original\/file-20200831-16-f8nr4w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=237&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/355473\/original\/file-20200831-16-f8nr4w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=900&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/355473\/original\/file-20200831-16-f8nr4w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=900&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/355473\/original\/file-20200831-16-f8nr4w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=900&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/355473\/original\/file-20200831-16-f8nr4w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1131&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/355473\/original\/file-20200831-16-f8nr4w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1131&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/355473\/original\/file-20200831-16-f8nr4w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1131&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" alt=\"African American woman with afro hairstyle\" \/><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Colourised portrait of activist and academic Angela Davis. Original black and white negative by Bernard Gotfryd (1974).<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1597954088261-4dc20374af14?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&amp;ixid=eyJhcHBfaWQiOjEyMDd9&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;w=1268&amp;q=80\">US Library of Congress\/Unsplash<\/a>, <a class=\"license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In the 1960s\u201370s era of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/research\/african-americans\/black-power#:%7E:text=Black%20Power%20was%20a%20revolutionary,of%20political%20and%20cultural%20institutions.\">Black Power<\/a>, accelerated by film and television, ties to Africa became more prominent again.<\/p>\n<p>Activists changed their names: Stokely Carmichael became Kwame Ture; Cassius Clay chose Muhammad Ali; and JoAnne Byron\u2019s rebirth was as Assata Shakur. More widespread was the adoption of <a href=\"https:\/\/timeline.com\/harlem-couple-afrocentric-fashion-dashiki-2e806f792794\">dashikis<\/a> and \u201cnatural\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1343885\">hairstyles<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Interest in Africa spiked dramatically with Alex Haley\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/546018.Roots\">Roots: the Saga of an American Family<\/a>. The book (1976) and the miniseries (1977) told the story of Haley\u2019s \u201cfurtherest-back ancestor\u201d, Kunta Kinte, and his generations of American descendants.<\/p>\n<p>In more recent decades, Black American <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/travel\/destinations\/africa\/black-americans-are-going-to-west-africa-in-search-of-roots\/\">tourism to Africa<\/a> has soared as people seek out their own roots.<em><br \/>\n<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/em><strong>A different world<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In Black Panther, Chadwick Boseman \u2013 along with a host of other wonderful actors, and director and screenwriters Ryan Coogler and Joe Robert Cole \u2013 brought to life a \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/time.com\/black-panther\/\">splendidly black<\/a>\u201d utopian vision. The film, which reverses stereotypes about Africa, <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/FallonTonight\/status\/1299709632752033798?s=20\">delighted<\/a> many African American fans.<\/p>\n<p>In Wakanda, the fictional metal vibranium is the bedrock of a society in which wealth is distributed so justly that both men and women thrive and King T\u2019Challa can stroll the city streets unnoticed.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-left zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/355485\/original\/file-20200831-21-1jt70ub.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/355485\/original\/file-20200831-21-1jt70ub.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=237&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/355485\/original\/file-20200831-21-1jt70ub.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=800&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/355485\/original\/file-20200831-21-1jt70ub.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=800&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/355485\/original\/file-20200831-21-1jt70ub.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=800&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/355485\/original\/file-20200831-21-1jt70ub.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1005&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/355485\/original\/file-20200831-21-1jt70ub.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1005&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/355485\/original\/file-20200831-21-1jt70ub.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1005&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" alt=\"Black Panther Marvel Comic books.\" \/><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Comics from the Black Panther series.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1574959540245-2a2a574a0375?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&amp;ixid=eyJhcHBfaWQiOjEyMDd9&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;w=1575&amp;q=80\">Alicia Quan\/Unsplash<\/a>, <a class=\"license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Vibranium represents the resources of the 54 countries of Africa, whose extraction has not, on the whole, benefited Africans. It is mahogany, ivory, rubber, diamonds, salt, gold, copper, and uranium.<\/p>\n<p>Black Panther draws on an artistic movement known as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tate.org.uk\/art\/art-terms\/a\/afrofuturism\">Afrofuturism<\/a>, in which knowledge about past violence and injustice inform an imagined future built on equality. Afrofuturists have included <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.7312\/zama18740\">novelists<\/a> Sutton E. Griggs and George Schuyler in the early days, and later Octavia Butler, Samuel Delaney, and Ishmael Reed, and now N. K. Jemisin and Colson Whitehead.<\/p>\n<p>Afrofuturist musicians include <a href=\"https:\/\/www.treblezine.com\/beginners-guide-sun-ra-music\/\">Sun Ra<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2018\/07\/09\/how-george-clinton-made-funk-a-world-view\">George Clinton and P-Funk<\/a>, and recently <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/2018\/5\/16\/17318242\/janelle-monae-science-fiction-influences-afrofuturism\">Janelle Mon\u00e1e<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Black is King<\/h2>\n<p>Beyonc\u00e9\u2019s new visual album <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt12607910\/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1\">Black Is King<\/a> also draws on the Afrofuturist tradition.<\/p>\n<p>It <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/goatsandsoda\/2020\/08\/07\/899421948\/opinion-we-are-africans-heres-our-view-of-beyonc-s-black-is-king\">has been criticised<\/a> for prioritising aesthetics over politics. In particular, Beyonc\u00e9\u2019s effort to reclaim colonial stereotypes linking Africans to flora and fauna by donning couture animal prints has drawn mixed responses.<\/p>\n<p>Dedicated to her son, Black Is King falls into a long tradition of romanticising black ancestors as kings and queens. Criticising this tendency, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.questia.com\/library\/117353615\/we-can-t-go-home-again-an-argument-about-afrocentrism\">historian Clarence Walker has asked<\/a>: \u201cIf Everybody Was a King, Who Built the Pyramids?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>But kingship is also a metaphor for the power of history, properly told. \u201cHistory is your future,\u201d Beyonc\u00e9 tells the film\u2019s young king. An exchange following the track Brown Skinned Girl starts with a male voice saying, \u201cSystematically, we\u2019ve had so much taken from us\u201d. A second voice responds:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Being a king is taking what\u2019s yours. But not just for selfish reasons, but to actually build up your community.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>King T\u2019Challa comes to the same realisation and at the end of Black Panther, we see him leave his tech-whizz sister at the helm of a new Wakandan outreach centre in Oakland, California.<\/p>\n<p>In both Black Is King and Black Panther, global connections underpin a reimagined future universe \u2013 a marvellous one, even \u2013 where disadvantage and injustice stemming from racism are overcome. Wakanda forever.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/145300\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<div data-react-class=\"Tweet\" data-react-props=\"{&quot;tweetId&quot;:&quot;1299794910837694464&quot;}\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/clare-corbould-8162\">Clare Corbould<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/deakin-university-757\">Deakin University<\/a><\/em><\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/clare-corbould-8162\">Clare Corbould<\/a>, Associate Professor, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/deakin-university-757\">Deakin University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/towards-wakanda-chadwick-bosemans-passing-and-the-power-and-limits-of-afrofuturism-145300\">original article<\/a>. https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>If you\u2019re not a comics fan, you may have been surprised at the extent of the heartfelt grief expressed following the death of actor Chadwick Boseman. One explanation lies in the extraordinary power of the 2018 movie Black Panther, in which Boseman starred as T\u2019Challa\/Black Panther, to address racist stereotypes about Africa and Africans. Boseman\u2019s [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2887,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,30,159],"tags":[255,256,257,258,259,153],"class_list":["post-2884","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","category-streamapse-reports","category-videos","tag-afrofuturism","tag-boseman","tag-chadwick","tag-limits","tag-passing","tag-power"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2884","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2884"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2884\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2887"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2884"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2884"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/streamapse.com\/Magazine\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2884"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}